15. From seaweed to shellfish, this fast-growing industry is ensuring that humans have enough protein for our diets. He offered the king of Parthia, Artabanus IV of Parthia, a marriage proposal between himself and the king's daughter. Modern historians not only cast a great deal of doubt on his account, but also consider that Aelius is an assumed name. At the urging of his mother, aunt, and grandmother, Emperor Elagabalus named his cousin Alexianus (the future Alexander Severus) as his heir in the summer of 221 CE. This was most likely done to cast Serapis into the role of Caracalla's protector from treachery. Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. Ulpius Marcellus was replaced as governor of Britain by Pertinax. [57][58], During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average legionary from 2000 sesterces (500 denarii) to 27003000 sesterces (675750 denarii). However, Carausius' revolt actually happened about seventy years after Caracalla's death in 217. His reign is commonly thought as marking the end of a golden age of peace and prosperity in the history of the Roman Empire (the . [5] He was the son of the reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and Aurelius' first cousin, Faustina the Younger, the youngest daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who had died only a few months before. [38], Caracalla also erected a temple on the Quirinal Hill in 212, which he dedicated to Serapis. His tyrannical career became the subject of the work of several French painters such as Greuze, Julien de Parme, David, Bonvoisin, J.-A.-C. Pajou, and Lethire. [27] He went north to the German frontier to deal with the Alamanni, a confederation of Germanic tribes who had broken through the limes in Raetia. Aurangzeb claimed to have no interest in being Emperor himself. See how Nat Geo photographed elephants over 100 years, The secret superpowers of elephants, in stop motion. ), At his banquets, and while presiding at games, the Augustan History relates, Elagabalus hugely enjoyed distributing presents or chances to the populace. What was Lucius Septimius bassianus nickname? He then returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for the conclusion of the wars on 22 October 180. This list may not reflect recent changes. The previous three had died either by murder or suicide. During 191, the city of Rome was extensively damaged by a fire that raged for several days, during which many public buildings including the Temple of Pax, the Temple of Vesta, and parts of the imperial palace were destroyed. Take, for instance, Emperor Vitellius. Why am I always sleepy even when I get enough sleep? [50][89] In her work, Rowan also describes Herodian's depiction of Caracalla: more akin to a soldier than an emperor. Unauthorized use is prohibited. [6][62][63], After Caracalla concluded his campaign against the Alamanni, it became evident that he was inordinately preoccupied with emulating Alexander the Great. Caligula was impressed with Vitellius's chariot racing. The man who became infamous as Elagabalus was born Varius Avitus Bassianus in Emesa, the city of Homs in Syria today. The title suggests Commodus was present at his father's victory over the Marcomanni. [25][26] Those killed were Geta's inner circle of guards and advisers, friends, and other military staff under his employ.[25]. She may have represented her son and played a role in meetings and answering queries; however, the final authority on legal matters was Caracalla. What Roman Emperor was killed by a lynx? According to the ancient historian Cassius Dio, after murdering Emperor Pertinax in A.D. 193, the Praetorian Guard tried to cash . "Exsuperatorius" (the supreme) was a title given to Jupiter, and "Amazonius" identified him again with Hercules. In one account he is said to have amazed the Roman people with his naumachiae, simulated naval battles held in the Circus Maximus, with ships floating on wine to evoke the wine-dark sea of Homers Odyssey. [93] Gibbon compared Caracalla to emperors such as Hadrian who spent their careers campaigning in the provinces and then to tyrants such as Nero and Domitian whose entire reigns were confined to Rome and whose actions only impacted upon the senatorial and equestrian classes residing there. Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of, Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and. The section on the teenage emperor was supposedly written by one Aelius Lampridius. War broke out in Dacia: few details are available, but it appears two future contenders for the throne, Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger, both distinguished themselves in the campaign. They then returned to Rome in the autumn of 176. The emperor now changed his name to Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. Pescennius Niger dealt with the deserters in Gaul in a military campaign. "We're not trying to claim that rainfall is the only explanation for all these things. Elagabalus showed no respect to any religious cult other than his own. In 192 AD, several senators, led by Praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus, recruited Narcissus . It's just one of many potential forcing variables that can cause this to happen.". (Read about chariot racing during the Roman Empire.). [16] The wedding took place between the 9 and the 15 April. Dio, Cassius, 73.10.2, Loeb edition, translated E. Cary, To "accept kinship with Commodus the bluntly pragmatic decision was taken to deify the former emperor, thus legitimizing Severus' seizure of power." [70][71], Herodian describes Caracalla as having preferred northern European clothing, Caracalla being the name of the short Gaulish cloak that he made fashionable, and he often wore a blond wig. 26. level 1. He was renamed Marcus Aurelius Antoninus at the age of seven as part of his father's attempt at union with the families of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. ), The scandals and excesses of the emperor apparently knew no bounds. During the preparations for the campaign against Cassius, Commodus assumed his toga virilis on the Danubian front on 7 July 175, thus formally entering adulthood. In 27 BCE the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the illustrious one"), and he was then known as Gaius . [7] When Caracalla was murdered, Julia Domna was in Antioch sorting out correspondence, removing unimportant messages from the bunch so that when Caracalla returned, he would not be overburdened with duties. Lounging in a golden robe . The short reign of Elagabalus, Rome's hard-partying emperor. He was succeeded by Pertinax, the first emperor in the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Upon Caracalla's ascension to being sole ruler in 212, the imperial mint began striking coins bearing Serapis' image. For centuries, becoming emperor of the Roman Empire was an enticing prospect, and numerous people . [27] However, few of those that gained citizenship were wealthy, and while it is true that Rome was in a difficult financial situation, it is thought that this could not have been the sole purpose of the edict. The most coveted positions of state were held by the charioteers, athletes, and slaves whose job it was to satisfy Elagabaluss carnal needs. Caracalla's reign became notable for the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to all free men throughout the Roman Empire. At the end of June, a mob demonstrated against Cleander during a horse race in the Circus Maximus: he sent the Praetorian Guard to put down the disturbances, but Pertinax, who was now City Prefect of Rome, dispatched the Vigiles Urbani to oppose them. Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. Kosovo wants to decide its futurebut will history hold it back? The three of them plotted to assassinate the emperor. [52] The damnatio memoriae against Geta and the large payments Caracalla had made to his own supporters were designed to protect himself from possible repercussions. [89] Despite this, the outline of events as presented by Dio are described by Rowan as generally accurate, while the motivations that Dio suggests are of questionable origin. After the usurpers capture and execution, Julia Maesas victory was secure. Then, Christian pulled data on military mutinies and emperor assassinations in ancient Rome. However, the following year a detachment of soldiers from Britain (they had been drafted to Italy to suppress brigands) also denounced Perennis to the emperor as plotting to make his own son emperor (they had been enabled to do so by Cleander, who was seeking to dispose of his rival), and Commodus gave them permission to execute him as well as his wife and sons. 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Elagabalus, who would wear nothing but Chinese silk next to his skin, was adamant in his wish to die in style. Heinz, W. (1986). Selected as emperor by his great uncle Tiberius, Caligula may have ordered his benefactor's . He had his servants scour the streets and ports in search of men who seemed particularly virile. Speidel, "Commodus the God-Emperor and the Army,", This page was last edited on 15 April 2023, at 18:46. Lucilla was over ten years his senior and held the rank of Augusta as the widow of her first husband, Lucius Verus. [13] In 202, he was Roman consul, having been named consul designatus the previous year. Die ''Terme Taurine'' von Civitavecchia ein rmisches Heilbad. Whoever the writer really was, his tone was decidedly sensationalist: The life of Elagabalus Antoninus, also called Varius, I should never have put in writinghoping that it might not be known that he was emperor of the Romans.. Whereas the reign of Marcus Aurelius had been marked by almost continuous warfare, Commodus' rule was comparatively peaceful in the military sense, but was also characterised by political strife and the increasingly arbitrary and capricious behaviour of the emperor himself. Herodian's Roman History F.L. Despite his notoriety, and considering the importance of his reign, Commodus' years in power are not well chronicled. His victories were often welcomed by his bested opponents, as bearing scars dealt by the hand of an emperor was considered a mark of fortitude. Images of the young Caracalla cannot be clearly distinguished from his younger brother Geta. When Marcia found a list of people Commodus intended to have executed, she discovered that she, the prefect Laetus, and Eclectus were on it. [17] On 1 January 177, Commodus became consul for the first time, which made him, aged 15, the youngest consul up to that time (the minimum age for the consulship was around 30). Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper. [75] Caracalla's presentation on coins during the period of his co-reign with his father, from 198 to 210, are in broad terms in line with the third-century imperial representation; most coin types communicate military and religious messages, with other coins giving messages of saeculum aureum and virtues. His great simplicity, however, together with his cowardice, made him the slave of his companions, and it was through them that he at first, out of ignorance, missed the better life and then was led on into lustful and cruel habits, which soon became second nature."[28]. Macrinus, in an effort to placate the Senate, instead ordered the secret removal of statues of Caracalla from public view. Cleander was in fact the person who had murdered Saoterus. Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. The Praetorian Guard, the emperor's elite military bodyguard, was busy auctioning off the empire. ), when monarchs ruled; Republican . Elagabalus opened up the imperial baths to the public so that he could enjoy watching the users bathe naked. The son of Nero Claudius Drusus, a popular and successful Roman general, and the younger Antonia . The two brothers fought until Geta was killed and Bassianus succeeded to the throne, after which he ruled until he was overthrown and killed by Carausius. [65], In 216, Caracalla pursued a series of aggressive campaigns in the east against the Parthians, intended to bring more territory under direct Roman control. Severus . [64][65] He began openly mimicking Alexander in his personal style. The legendary Roman historian Tacitus even used Claudius' work as a source for his own writings. 40.11.1a", "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire", "The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14212 CE: Quantification in the Face of High Uncertainty", M. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio Albinus, L. Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caracalla&oldid=1148900156, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 00:15. He was later given the nickname Caracalla, which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made fashionable. They were persuaded not to do this by their mother. The historian Herodian, a contemporary, described Commodus as an extremely handsome man. Commodus remained with the Danube armies for only a short time before negotiating a peace treaty with the Danubian tribes. Report Save. Julia Maesa, Elagabalus's grandmother, brought about the return of the Severan dynasty. The principal surviving literary sources are Herodian, Cassius Dio (a contemporary and sometimes first-hand observer and Senator during Commodus' reign, whose reports for this period survive only as fragments and abbreviations), and the Historia Augusta (untrustworthy because of its character as a work of literature rather than of history, with elements of fiction embedded within its biographies; in the case of Commodus, it probably embroiders what the author found in reasonably good contemporary sources). [66], Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that he visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the Aristotelian school based on a legend that Aristotle had poisoned Alexander. Commodus also had a passion for gladiatorial combat, which he took so far as to take to the arena himself, dressed as a secutor. The study is part of a burgeoning field that examines how climate affected ancient societies, said Joseph Manning, a professor of classics and history at Yale University who wasn't involved with the new research. Heres how paradise fought back. There wasn't a drought leading up to Commodus' assassination, "but usually there is a drought preceding the assassination of the emperor," Christian said. Commodus (/kmds/;[4] 31 August 161 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 to 192. Commodus never killed his gladiatorial adversaries, instead accepting their surrenders. In Emesa, modern-day Homs in Syria, a conical black mono- lith called Elah-Gabalgod of the mountainwas venerated. Unrest rose throughout the empire, with large numbers of army deserters causing trouble in Gaul and Germany. [24], Thus, he presented himself as the fountainhead of the Empire, Roman life, and religion. Can gum infections trigger arthritis symptoms? Marcus Aurelius was the first emperor since Vespasian to have a legitimate biological son, though he himself was the fifth in the line of the so-called Five Good Emperors, also known as the Adoptive Emperors, each of whom had adopted his successor. From its inception to its collapse in 476 A.D., ancient Rome had three distinct periods: Regal Rome, (753-509 B.C. Working up through the ranks. He plugged the numbers into a formula and found that "lower rainfall means that there's more probability of assassinations that are going to take place, because lower rainfall means there's less food. no. [80] This portrayal of Caracalla is only further supported by the murder of his brother Geta and the subsequent massacre of Geta's supporters that Caracalla ordered. At the urging of his mistress Marcia, Commodus had Cleander beheaded and his son killed. After Nero's death, Rome was plunged into chaos. [17][28] Caracalla needed to gain and keep the trust of the military, and he did so with generous pay raises and popular gestures. Commodus accompanied his father during the Marcomannic Wars in 172 and on a tour of the Eastern provinces in 176. [99], This article is about the Roman emperor. A eunuch who served as Bassianuss tutor, Gannys, would become a general, and would defeat Macrinus in Antioch, in modern-day Turkey, less than a month later. after the Second Punic War. He reduced the weight of the denarius from 96 per Roman pound to 105 per Roman pound (3.85grams to 3.35grams). All the months of the year were renamed to correspond exactly with his (now twelve) names: Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius, Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, and Pius. It is presumed that there, on 15 October 172, he was given the victory title Germanicus, in the presence of the army. Innumerable statues around the empire were set up portraying him in the guise of Hercules, reinforcing the image of him as a demigod, a physical giant, a protector, and a warrior who fought against men and beasts (see "Commodus and Hercules" and "Commodus the Gladiator" below). It is widely accepted, and clearly most likely, that Caracalla ordered the assassination himself, as the two had never been on favourable terms with one another, much less after succeeding their father. to its end in A.D. 476, Manning said. After Geta's death, the weapon that had killed him was dedicated to Serapis by Caracalla. [55][56], In 215 Caracalla introduced the antoninianus, a coin intended to serve as a double denarius. [30], In spring 214, Caracalla departed for the eastern provinces, travelling through the Danubian provinces and the Anatolian provinces of Asia and Bithynia. [80] These traits dominate Caracalla's image in the surviving classical literature. He sold (and bestowed entry to) Senate seats, army commands, governorships, and increasingly, suffect consulships, to the highest bidder. What historians know with certainty is that, in spite of his birth in distant Syria, Elagabalus belonged to the highly influential Severan dynasty, which dominated Roman politics at the end of the second century and beginning of the third. Whether the cause was treason, ill-luck or ineptitude, it was a rare thing for a Roman emperor to die of old age. There he served as high priest of the sun god Elah-Gabal, a local form of the god Baal. [15], In 202, Caracalla was forced to marry the daughter of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, Fulvia Plautilla, a woman whom he hated, though for what reason is unknown. Proclaimed co-ruler by his father . As a result, Commodus appeared more rarely in public, preferring to live on his estates. 4. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king Louis XVI (r.17741792). But while rain may have played a role, so did other factors, Conant said. [16] It was then that he banished his wife, whose later killing might have been carried out under Caracalla's orders. That summer Caracalla began to attack the countryside east of the Tigris in the Parthian war of Caracalla. Despite being emperor, he continued in his role as high priest throughout his reign. [16], On 23 December 176, the two imperatores celebrated a joint triumph. Papirius Dionysius was executed, too. (Read about why Rome staged epic mock sea battles. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. emperor Lucius Septimius Severus The other eastern legions were quick to follow in recognizing him. He persecuted Christians and was later taken captive by the Persian emperor Shapur I after the Battle of Edessa, becoming the first Roman emperor to be captured as a prisoner of war, causing shock and instability throughout the Roman Empire. [53][54], Pontifex Maximus, TRibunus Plebis XVIIII, COnSul IIII, Pater Patriae, The expenditures that Caracalla made with the large bonuses he gave to soldiers prompted him to debase the coinage soon after his ascension. Commodus' assassination in 192, by a wrestler in the bath who held him underwater, marked the end of the NervaAntonine dynasty. [7] After stopping briefly to urinate, Caracalla was approached by a soldier, Justin Martialis, and stabbed to death. It would have led to crucifixion, at best, for killing the emperor. Muller Edition 1.15.7, Echols, Edward C., "Herodian of Antioch's History of the Roman Empire", English translation, UCLA Press, Berkeley, CA (1961), 1.15.1-9, Dio, Cassius, 73.20.3, Loeb edition, translated E. Cary, Gibbon, p. 106: "disgorged at once a hundred lions; a hundred darts". To further back her play, Julia bribed the Roman troops stationed in Syria to secure their support. He never had intercourse with the same woman twice except with his wife, the Augustan History relates, and he opened brothels in his house for his friends, his clients, and his slaves.. [66] As a consequence, the phalangarii of Legio II Parthica may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly triarii. [31][32] Caracalla responded to this insult by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly assembled before the city to greet his arrival in December 215, before setting his troops against Alexandria for several days of looting and plunder. [68][69], Caracalla's official portrayal as sole emperor marks a break from the detached images of the philosopher-emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. Notorious for hedonism and sacrilege, the excesses of Elagabalus were too much, even for the Roman Empire. NY 10036. The ancient historian elaborated that Livia put her husband, Emperor Augustus, under her control, and banished or had killed every potential heir to the throne in order to promote her own son . These tendencies now increased to megalomaniacal proportions. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 5. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Macrinuss popularity took another hit when he signed an ignominious peace treaty with Parthia, leading to more discontent among his eastern troops. But, as is often the case, many factors can lead to an assassination. More posts from the WhitePeopleTwitter community. Coloniae were cities of Roman citizens founded in conquered provinces. They were sometimes referred to as the "shadow emperors." Honorius did not even live in Rome but had a palace at Ravenna. Siding with the young Alexander, Julia looked on as her 18-year-old grandson was stabbed to death by his soldiers. Allegedly they would come to the temple to see him, both fascinated by and attracted to his good looks that he further enhanced by wearing costly jewelry and trinkets. P. A. Brunt, "The Fall of Perennis: Dio-Xiphilinus 79.9.2". He is best known to history as the assassin of the Roman Emperor Commodus, by whom he was employed as a wrestling partner [2] [3] and personal trainer in order to train Commodus for his self-indulgent appearances in the Colosseum as a gladiator. Caracalla's reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples. The majority of coins produced during this period made associations with divinity or had religious messages; others had non-specific and unique messages that were only circulated during Caracalla's sole rule. But, given the promise of this preliminary research, it's worth the effort to dig into this hypothesis to determine whether climate data actually jibes with assassination dates, from the empire's start in 27 B.C. Yes, really. [12] Modern authors often use this date as the beginning of his reign,[3] but the exact chronology of events is uncertain. The secret superpowers of elephants, in stop motion, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Valerian (253-260) Valerian was a man whose reign (and reign of terror) got out of hand. Commode-Hercule et l'anthropologie hercalenne", M.P. The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls - a record in the 1,000-year history of the Roman consulshipall appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor Septimius Severus). Disdaining the more philosophic inclinations of his father, Commodus was extremely proud of his physical prowess. [13][17][12], During the reign of his father, Caracalla's mother Julia Domna had played a prominent public role, receiving titles of honour such as "Mother of the camp", but she also played a role behind the scenes helping her husband administer the empire. There is nothing more appropriate than the marriage of a priest to a priestess, he told a stunned Senate. [24], On 26 December 211, at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother, Geta was assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard loyal to Caracalla. Claudius admired how well Vitellius played dice. He even had a very tall tower built and decorated with gold and diamonds so that should the critical moment arrive he could throw himself to his death. ), The accounts of his life spill into the fantastical. So, what led to their downfalls? She has won multiple awards from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Washington Newspaper Publishers Association for her reporting at a weekly newspaper near Seattle. One of the ways he paid for his donatives (imperial handouts) and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order. The emperor had a particular fondness for Hierocles, a charioteer whom he called husband. Elagabalus kept many other lovers besides Hierocles, however, and would deliberately allow himself to be discovered with other favorites in the hope of being punished with a beating from Hierocles. Mercifully, Decius died one year after his edict had been in effect. They came across Aurelius Zoticus, an athlete from Smyrna, who apparently fit the bill. Here, BBC History Revealed recount some of the unusual ways that Ancient Rome's rulers have met their ends. Geta died in his mother's arms. It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman. In April 175, Avidius Cassius, Governor of Syria, declared himself emperor following rumours that Marcus Aurelius had died. Then, the Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior celebrated his victories in Greece by setting up a staged hunt. Nevertheless, though the senatorial order came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign, not least because of his lavish shows of largesse (recorded on his coinage) and because he staged and took part in spectacular gladiatorial combats. [83][84][85][86][87] The works of Herodian of Antioch are, by comparison, "far less fantastic" than the stories presented by the Historia Augusta. 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