0000010223 00000 n For example, a methylene bridge (methanediyl) has two single bonds, whereas a methylene group (methylidene) has one double bond. startxref Therefore carboxylic acids show a very strong and broad band covering a wide range between 2800 and 3500 cm-1 for the O-H stretch. Aldehydeand ketoneare similar in terms of their structures and properties. Acidic functional groups are those that can donate (or lose) a proton (H+). Knowing the functional groups well is one of the fundamental skills required for this course. %PDF-1.2 % 6 0 obj << /Length 7 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream b) an ion with molecular formula C3H5O6P 2- that includes aldehyde, secondary alcohol, and phosphate functional groups. 0000009335 00000 n 0000003114 00000 n endstream endobj 97 0 obj <> endobj 98 0 obj <> endobj 99 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 100 0 obj <> endobj 101 0 obj <> endobj 102 0 obj <> endobj 103 0 obj <> endobj 104 0 obj <>stream In a primary alcohol, the carbon bonded to the OH group is also bonded to only one other carbon. 0000005594 00000 n 0000025216 00000 n x+TP0537R0 BC=##=S3SSC=\}$c|@ endstream endobj 15 0 obj << /Length 52 /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] >> stream Benzene rings (C6H6) are a special type of hydrocarbon. 0000012893 00000 n 0000012677 00000 n It determines all of the following properties of a molecule: o Bonding and shape o Type and strength of intermolecular forces o Physical properties The following is a list of common functional groups. It is usually more challenging to identify and draw these functional groups correctly because they are similar. @I6f& @ >fF x+TP0424S0 Bc=S3s#=3Cc=\}$C|@ endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /Length 53 /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] >> stream A functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule. 7: Organic Chemistry I - Bonding and Structure, CHEM1500: Chemical Bonding and Organic Chemistry, { "7.01:_Bonding_and_Structure_I-_Review_of_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "7.02:_Drawing_Chemical_Structures" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "7.03:_Functional_Groups" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "7.04:_Alkanes_and_Alkane_Isomers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "7.05:_Naming_of_Alkanes_and_Cycloalkanes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "7.06:_Study_Guide" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Background_Material" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Quantum_Theory_and_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Periodic_Relationships_Among_the_Elements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Chemical_Bonding_I-_Basic_Concepts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Chemical_Bonding_II-_Molecular_Geometry_and_Hybridization_of_Atomic_Orbitals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Intermolecular_Forces_and_Liquids_and_Solids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Organic_Chemistry_I_-_Bonding_and_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Organic_Chemistry_II_-_Stereochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Organic_Chemistry_III_-_Conformational_Analysis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "functional group", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "transcluded:yes", "source[1]-chem-31398", "licenseversion:40", "author@Steven Farmer", "author@Dietmar Kennepohl", "author@Layne Morsch", "author@Krista Cunningham", "author@Tim Soderberg" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FThompson_Rivers_University%2FCHEM1500%253A_Chemical_Bonding_and_Organic_Chemistry%2F07%253A_Organic_Chemistry_I_-_Bonding_and_Structure%2F7.03%253A_Functional_Groups, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), The simplest functional group in organic chemistry (which is often ignored when listing functional groups) is called an, Alkenes have trigonal planar electron geometry (due to sp, Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all classified as, When the carbon of an alkane is bonded to one or more halogens, the group is referred to as a. Chloroform is a useful solvent in the laboratory, and was one of the earlier anesthetic drugs used in surgery. 0000014040 00000 n endstream endobj 105 0 obj <> endobj 106 0 obj <> endobj 107 0 obj <>stream For example, the COOR is ester; it can not be recognized as a ketone plus an ether. Mass spectroscopy (determining molecular weight, structural elements, molecular formula) The various spectroscopies are the primary method for determining the structure of compounds. You can search for FTIR functional groups by peak position, group, or class quickly from the table. 0000038591 00000 n The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Because phosphates are so abundant in biological organic chemistry, it is convenient to depict them with the abbreviation 'P'. Furthermore, many alkenes can take two geometric forms: cis or trans (or Z and E which will be explained in detail in Chapter 7). 0000014943 00000 n 0000014211 00000 n 4 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 6 /H [ 1754 275 ] /L 203812 /E 202164 /N 1 /T 203615 >> endobj xref 4 67 0000000016 00000 n 0000006868 00000 n However, a moiety is an entire "half" of a molecule, which can be not only a single functional group, but also a larger unit consisting of multiple functional groups. Functional! In the example below, the difference between cis and trans alkenes is readily apparent. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 0000001442 00000 n 2, pages 68 74 of the 6th edition. as substituents -, or suffix forms - i.e. 0000013365 00000 n 0000034470 00000 n 0000015867 00000 n 0000006741 00000 n When an OH group is connected with C=O, the whole COOH is called a carboxylic acid functional group. A summary of common functional groups is included in Table 2.2. Amine can be primary (1), secondary (2) or tertiary (3) depending on how many R groups are connected with nitrogen. Carbocations are often named -um. Chlorodifluoromethane was used as a refrigerant and in aerosol sprays until the late twentieth century, but its use was discontinued after it was found to have harmful effects on the ozone layer. [3] In the formulas, the symbols R and R' usually denote an attached hydrogen, or a hydrocarbon side chain of any length, but may sometimes refer to any group of atoms. 0000002649 00000 n 0000017507 00000 n 0000002143 00000 n A summary table of a values and ranges is provided later in this chapter. 'x|%kpD-KT [8] and are presented in Table 1. 0000011989 00000 n trailer Pages 852 866 contain a more detailed discussion of each type of bond, much like the discussion in this presentation. One of the most important properties of amines is that they are basic, and are readily protonated to form ammonium cations. A single compound may contain several different functional groups. E. Functional Groups A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that have characteristic physical properties and are often the sites of chemical reactivity. 0000015479 00000 n 0000001361 00000 n In alcohols, what matters is how many other carbons the alcohol carbon is bonded to, while in amines, what matters is how many carbons the nitrogen is bonded to. Thioesters are similar to esters, except a sulfur is in place of the oxygen. 96 0 obj <> endobj 0000003402 00000 n @` )f Alkene and alkynesare hydrocarbon functional groups; the bond in multiple bonds accounts for the reactivity of alkenes and alkynes. 0000014494 00000 n SECTION 23 1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL . Also, the pK a table tells you about leaving group ability. RAMAN Band Correlation Table Approximate Group Intensity Wavenumber Range (cm-1) 100-210 Lattice vibrations Strong 150-430 Xmetal-O Strong 250-400 C-C aliphatic chain Strong 295-340 Se-Se Strong 425-550 S-S Strong 460-550 Si-O-Si Strong 490-660 C-I Strong . 0 Sample B shows no or few peak splitting. 0000001754 00000 n Organic Chemistry I by Xin Liu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Hydrocarbons may form charged structures: positively charged carbocations or negative carbanions. Alkenes (sometimes called olefins) have carbon-carbon double bonds, and alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. We will encounter numerous functional groups throughout our study of organic chemistry. 0000018571 00000 n 0000000856 00000 n Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are all classified as hydrocarbons, because they are composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. In a ketone, the carbon atom of a carbonyl is bonded to two other carbons. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. An acid anhydride is formed from combination of two carboxylic acids with the loss of water (anhydride). Approximate pKa chart of the functional groups: values to know 1. 0000000016 00000 n Table 1. Sample B indicates 12 major peaks, as labeled in Figure 3. Chemical structures of three chlorofluorocarbons. Below is an image of multiple functional groups found in organic chemistry. Legal. The structure of benzene can be represented as three C=C double bonds alternating with single bonds; however, the actual structure of benzene has nothing to do with alkenes. Compounds that contain sulfur exhibit unique chemistry due to sulfur's ability to form more bonds than oxygen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. In a secondary alcohol and tertiary alcohol, the carbon is bonded to two or three other carbons, respectively. 0000000736 00000 n Functional group interconversion can be used in retrosynthetic analysis to plan organic synthesis. Functional groups undergo the same chemical reactions no matter how large or small the molecule is. 0000017739 00000 n P;\[e8k6kGV Table of Characteristic IR Absorptions m=medium, w=weak, s=strong, n=narrow, b=broad, sh=sharp frequency, cm -1 bond functional group 3640-3610 (s, sh) O-H stretch, free hydroxyl alcohols, phenols Substitutive nomenclature (marked as prefix in table) is preferred over functional class nomenclature (marked as suffix in table) for sulfides, disulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones. Many biological organic molecules contain phosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate groups, which are linked to a carbon atom by the phosphate ester functionality. Functional groups [1] 1. IR Spectrum Table by Frequency Range Use this table when you already know the frequency of your material. Various three-, four-, five-, and six-membered, as well as fused, heterocycles have been synthesized using ytterbium triflate as catalyst in both organic and aqueous solvents. If we just want to refer in general to a functional group without drawing a specific molecule, for example, we can use 'R groups' to focus attention on the group of interest: The 'R' group is a convenient way to abbreviate the structures of large biological molecules, especially when we are interested in something that is occurring specifically at one location on the molecule. BY NC ND Plus, when functional groups are more electronegative than atoms they attach to, the functional groups will become polar, and the otherwise nonpolar molecules containing these functional groups become polar and so become soluble in some aqueous environment. Esters, anhydrides, acyl halides (which also have . 0000039406 00000 n Nitriles are also often referred to as cyano groups. 0000001529 00000 n For example the structure of capsaicin, found in chili peppers, incorporates several functional groups, labeled in the figure below and explained throughout this section. Functional groups examples pdf Functional groups are the most reactive parts of organic compounds and determine the main properties of compounds. 4. The functional group at the top of the list (carboxylic acid) has the highest priority for naming, while the functional group at the bottom of the list (alkane) has the lowest priority for naming. 0000011649 00000 n A table relating IR frequencies to specific covalent bonds can be found on p. 851 of your laboratory textbook. The exception to this definition is formaldehyde, in which the carbonyl carbon has bonds to two hydrogens. Compounds that contain nitrogen in this category may contain C-O bonds, such as in the case of amides. xb```"CV-!10p4 9. 0000004165 00000 n When used to refer to moieties, multiple single bonds differ from a single multiple bond. In an acyl phosphate, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to the oxygen of a phosphate, and in an acid chloride, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a chlorine. The carboxylic acid derivatives are distinct groups that have both a carbonyl as well as an acyl group. A@!@VcG6F `.`g8` vA@N-V5F_ ~.Pwbat7SuL z$ endstream endobj 70 0 obj 170 endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612.48 841.92 ] /Resources << /ProcSet [ /PDF /ImageB /ImageI /ImageC /Text ] /XObject << /Ob18 37 0 R /Ob20 38 0 R /Ob22 39 0 R /Ob24 40 0 R /Ob26 41 0 R /Ob28 42 0 R /Ob30 43 0 R /Ob32 44 0 R /Ob34 45 0 R /Ob36 46 0 R /Ob38 47 0 R /Ob40 48 0 R /Ob42 49 0 R /Ob44 50 0 R /Ob46 51 0 R /Ob48 52 0 R /Ob50 53 0 R /Ob52 54 0 R /Ob54 55 0 R /Ob56 56 0 R /Ob58 57 0 R /Ob60 58 0 R /Ob62 59 0 R /Ob64 60 0 R /Ob66 62 0 R /Ob69 64 0 R /Ob72 66 0 R /Ob75 67 0 R /Ob77 68 0 R >> /Font << >> >> /Contents 7 0 R /CropBox [ 0 0 612.48 841.92 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 7 0 obj [ 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R 35 0 R 36 0 R ] endobj 8 0 obj << /Length 53 /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] >> stream Isomers Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures Structural Isomers: isomers that differ in the bonding arrangement and connectivity of atoms. functional groups is used to describe the pieces or parts of a drug molecule. In ether, the O atom connects with two carbon-containing R groups through two C-O bonds. 0000019325 00000 n For these three functional groups, it is important to remember that the W part has to be considered together with the C=O, since overall they define the functional group. 3. The atoms in a functional group are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. In physical and analytical chemistry, infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is a technique used to identify chemical compounds based on the way infrared radiation is . To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. In an ether functional group, a central oxygen is bonded to two carbons. As evidenced by functional groups A and B, the same functional groupa carboxylic acid in this casecan serve different . 4 Fig. 0000008477 00000 n 0000014778 00000 n The amide functional group combines the features of amines and ketones because it has both the N-H bond and the C=O bond. Good leaving groups are weak bases! 0000004004 00000 n Chloroform is a useful solvent in the laboratory, and was one of the earlier anesthetic drugs used in surgery. 0000012225 00000 n Aldehydes. For the functional groups in the 2nd part of Table 2.2, they all have a common structural unit of a carbonyl group C=O; the different structure of W in the general formula determines the nature of the functional group. 0000020486 00000 n identify the functional groups present in each of the following compound types: alkenes, alkynes, arenes, (alkyl and aryl) halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, (carboxylic) acid chlorides, amides, amines, nitriles, nitro compounds, sulfides and sulfoxides. 0000018644 00000 n Table of characteristic proton NMR chemical shifts. In aldehydes, this group is at the end of a carbon chain, whereas in ketones its in the middle of the chain. As a consequence, an understanding of the chemical behavior of the functional groups allows one to predict the reactivity of a wide variety of organic molecules. Another way of thinking of an ester is that it is a carbonyl bonded to an alcohol. At a simple level, molecules with a certain functional group can be predicted to react in similar ways with other substances. 0000016378 00000 n 0000025580 00000 n The following is a list of common functional groups. At the same time they also show the stake-shaped band in the middle of the spectrum around 1710 cm-1 corresponding to the C=O stretch. Alkyl halides groups are quite rare in biomolecules. xb```e`` @(Ud``qkGT#}s2ZzwJxo$6]\9igQtdi(lmQEcR^+MT:zau9_uEx26eO6U/bb|""~!uP9 c/*::ph4 VQsKm 4{n#ae`Y-;AC|^6/lN00;YH9;$5baa 4yDc5. In alcohols, what matters is how many other carbons the alcohol, Functional Groups with Carbon Single Bonds to other Atoms, Molecules with Multiple Functional Groups, Functional Groups with Single Bonds to Heteroatoms, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The most prominent band in alkynes corresponds to the carbon-carbon triple bond. This band has a sharp, pointed shape just like the alkyne C-C triple bond, but because the CN triple bond is more polar, this band is stronger than in alkynes. The key point here is that each individual group within a drug molecule can serve to provide one or more speci c roles, tasks, or functions. X d$(P;eQw%H~C+;%+I#k,~dIcEtsqc8-Dl+m*"+8Sb-w11{a\p bDZc),E(VC$ Often when drawing organic structures, chemists find it convenient to use the letter 'R' to designate part of a molecule outside of the region of interest. 0000015638 00000 n A compound Ytterbium(III) triflate is an efficient and water-tolerant Lewis acid that has been used as a catalyst for a wide range of organic transformations. 0000016331 00000 n 0000010087 00000 n 0000170624 00000 n x]1@D$=%B)C"QD)il. Ketone, on the other hand, must be in the middle position to ensure both sides of the C=O groups are connected with R groups. You can search for FTIR functional groups by peak position, group, or class quickly from the table. 7.3: Functional Groups is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven Farmer, Dietmar Kennepohl, Layne Morsch, Krista Cunningham, Tim Soderberg, & Tim Soderberg. The only hydrophobic group below is the methyl (CH _3 3) group, which is nonpolar. If you don't know the relative values of the pK a 's of the major functional groups, you'll be flying blind in the course. Now that the functional groups and substituents from Groups A, B, and C have been described, a modified set of steps for naming organic compounds can be applied to all simple structures: Step 1. Their IR spectrum displays only C-C and C-H bond vibrations. %%EOF Protonated alcohol or ether pKa = 2 to 3 H2 = 35 3. Synthesis and StructureActivity Relationships, Recent developments in imino DielsAlder reactions, Recent Progress in the Synthesis and Applications of Heterocycles Derived from Enaminonitriles, Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.ae Chemistry and Biological Activity of [1,2,3]-Benzotriazine Derivatives, f o u r t h e d i t i o n ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Back Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide TOC Student OLC MHHE Website, HeterocyclicChemistry Joule5thEdition 1raParte, Synthesis and Studies on Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Mixed and Non-Mixed Systems, Structure activity relationship studies of 3-arylsulfonyl-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-imines as potent 5-HT6 antagonists, Process for the preparation of fused, tricyclic pyrazole derivatives, Selected methods for synthesis and modification of heterocycles, Interplay of thermochemistry and structural chemistry, the journal (volume 25, 2014, issues 12) and the discipline, Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis, StructureActivity Relationship Studies of 3-Aroylindoles as Potent Antimitotic Agents, Strategic Applications of Organic Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis (colorful), Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel tetralin-6-ylpyridine and tetralin-6-ylpyrimidine derivatives, Recent developments in benzotriazole methodology for construction of pharmacologically important heterocyclic skeletons, Organic Chemistry with Biological Applications, 2) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT, Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 23, 2012, issues 13) and the discipline, Novel Alkenyl Substituted Cyclophosphazenes for the Synthesis of Thermally Stable Polymers, Olefin oligomerization, homopolymerization and copolymerization by late transition metals supported by (imino)pyridine ligands, Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Five Membered Azaheterocyclic Systems, Organometallic Chemistry of Polypyridine Ligands III, 5, 6-Dihydroxyindoles and Indole-5, 6-diones, Synthesis and evaluation of antitumoral activity of ester and amide derivatives of 2-arylamino-6-trifluoromethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acids, Telechelic polymers by living and controlled/living polymerization methods, An update on the stereoselective synthesis of -aminophosphonic acids and derivatives, REVIEW Bimetallic nickel and palladium complexes for catalytic applications, PORTUGALIAE ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Review on Mechanistic Action of Inhibitors on Steel Corrosion in Acidic Media, Construction of Quaternary Stereogenic Centers via [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. 12-2. A table relating IR frequencies to specific covalent bonds can be found on p. 851 of your laboratory textbook. However, double and triple bonds Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 0000052835 00000 n LEC # TOPICS LECTURERS HANDOUTS 1. Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates what is termed a systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds. trailer Chlorodifluoromethane was used as a refrigerant and in aerosol sprays until the late twentieth century, but its use was discontinued after it was found to have harmful effects on the ozone layer. 0000017976 00000 n Because of their importance in understanding organic chemistry, functional groups have specific names that often carry over in the naming of individual compounds incorporating the groups. 0000030882 00000 n The reaction conditions are relatively mild and the catalyst can be readily recovered from the reaction mixtures to be reused. Octane, C8H18, is a component of gasoline. Compounds that contain phosphorus exhibit unique chemistry due to the ability of phosphorus to form more bonds than nitrogen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. groups attached to such chain. In the case where a nitrogen has four bonds to carbon (which is somewhat unusual in biomolecules), it is called a quaternary ammonium ion. Knowing the functional groups well is one of the fundamental skills required for this course. Aromatic groups are planar (flat) ring structures, and are widespread in nature. Such isomers can differ in terms of: carbon backbone (skeletal isomers): CH Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 0000004410 00000 n C- H acetylenic 2-3 Ar- H aromatic 6-8.5 Ar-C- H benzylic 2.2-3 C=C-C H . Tables of these functional groups can be found at the bottom of the page. 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