R. Soc. 72, 467483 (2010). 3 reviews. J. Geophys. & Colman, S. A century of temperature variability in Lake Superior. PubMedGoogle Scholar. This indicator accounts for these types of variations by focusing on long-term trends over 25 years of data. [2], Although the area below the highwater mark continues to be managed by Alcoa, approximately 80% of the surrounding land is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service, which provides swimming, camping, picnicking, fishing and boating facilities. Instead, the entire pH range shifts, so that neutral water will have a value other than 7. Specifically, temperatures were measured at depths of 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, and 100m at the centre of the lake21. Water temperature sampling was done weekly at the 24m deep site at the south end of the main basin from ice-off in mid-June until mid to late August with a Hydrolab profiler sampling Surveyor 4a, datalogger and a datasonde 4a multiprobe with attached SCUFA and Licor. 50). YSI brand dissolved oxygen and temperature meters have been used to record water temperatures32. Monday, April 17, 2023 11:00:00 AM Level is 0.27 feet. The racial makeup of the town was 94.03% White, 1.49% African American and 4.48% Native American. The dataset has a spatial resolution of 1 1 and temporal resolution of 3h. In addition to the SRB incoming shortwave radiation (SW) and longwave radiation (LW), we also provide estimates of the total incoming radiation (Rtot=0.93*SW+0.97*LW) that is absorbed by a dark, water surface under ice-free conditions (i.e., an assumed shortwave albedo of 7% and longwave emissivity of 0.97). The methodology used for obtaining satellite-based lake surface temperatures largely follows the approach described in Schneider and Hook11. Austin, J. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The SRB radiation data have been shown to be one of the best global radiation datasets and exhibit smaller biases than reanalysis data and other satellite products. For example, surface water temperatures have been found to be inversely correlated with mean depth8,16. Trends that we calculated from temporally-matched satellite and in situ summer means for the 11 lakes had an RMSE difference of 0.03C per year. "Graham County: A Quiet Place in the Smokies," undated pamphlet, Graham County Travel and Tourism, Robbinsville, NC. 19, 8396 (2014). Manhattan, NY 48 F Mostly Cloudy. & Brown, O. & Rouse, W. R. Thermal characteristics and energy balance of various-size Canadian Shield lakes in the Mackenzie River Basin. Trout Lake, Crystal Lake, Sparkling Lake, Allequash Lake, Big Muskellunge Lake are in northern Wisconsin, United States. Data for Lakes Annecy, Bourget and Geneva are from the Information System of the SOERE OLA, INRA Thonon les Bains, CIPEL, CISALB, SILA. [7] In 1939, the U.S. Forest Service purchased from Carolina Aluminum Company the land now occupied by the town of Lake Santeetlah. Article Discharge records are generally good except for estimated discharges, which . Water temperatures were recorded in the morning with a handheld YSI or Hydrolab thermistor54. The motivation to assemble a global database of lake surface water temperatures, climatic forcing variables, and geomorphometric characteristics was to address two key scientific issues by the Global Lake Temperature Collaboration (www.laketemperature.org): i) What are the global and regional patterns of water temperature changes over the past 25 years and are they coherent over spatial and temporal scales? J. Geophys. & Schiffer, R. A. Lakes are sentinels of climate change2 and are an effective indicator of a limnological response to global climate change, as they integrate climatic and landscape factors3. Can. Merchant, C. J., Harris, A. R., Murray, M. J. Copyright TWC Product and Technology LLC 2014, 2023. Data on water temperature were provided by the German Meteorological Service (DWD, 19581996) and the Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB, including predecessor institutions, 19702011), respectively. Secondly, a linear regression analysis of time series of annual biases revealed no significant trend, indicating that satellite calibration drift did not adversely affect trends obtained from the data. The data are available in two comma delimited text files (Data Citation 1). years Hartmann, D. L., Tank, A. M. G. K. & Rusticucci, M. IPCC fifth assessment report, climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Report Water Temp. "Santeetlah Lake," undated pamphlet, Alcoa. & Tulonen, T. Plankton metabolism and sedimentation in a small boreal lakea long-term perspective. An Ecolab Templine was used between February 14, 2008 and September 15, 2010 and a Fondriest thermistor chain was used from February 14, 2011 to present. Cloud cover can reduce incident solar radiation, but also result in greater longwave (atmospheric) radiation15. Accessibility In these cases, we conducted searches in the primary literature, online web sources (ILEC (http://www.ilec.or.jp/en/), IAGLR (http://www.iaglr.org/), LakeNet (http://www.worldlakes.org/), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page)), Google Earth, or contacted colleagues in the relevant countries to obtain information. The sun does not contribute to the illumination of the sky before this time in the morning, or after this time in the evening. Lake Annecy and Lake Bourget (located in France) and Lake Geneva located in France and Switzerland were sampled one or two times per month from the middle of the lake at the deepest point. Below we describe the sampling methodology for each lake or group of lakes contributed by each data provider, organized by geographic region. Magnuson, J. J., Bowser, C. J. Limnol. Lake Santeetlah Water Level. Lake Rotorua, located in North Island, New Zealand, was sampled monthly at depths of 01 and 18m. The samples were obtained from the southeast part of the lake. 52). (William V. Wood to Property Owner, April 28, 1999.) In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Sapna Sharma, Derek K Gray, Jordan S Read and Catherine M OReilly: Joint first authors, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada, Sapna Sharma,Anam Qudrat&Samantha Stefanoff, California University of Pennsylvania, California, 15419, Pennsylvania, USA, U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Integrated Data Analytics, Middleton, 53562, Wisconsin, USA, Department of Geography-Geology, Illinois State University, Normal, 61790, Illinois, USA, NILUNorwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, 2027, Norway, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, Wisconsin, USA, Corinna Gries,Peter B McIntyre&Benjamin M Kraemer, Center for Environmental Research, Education and Outreach, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, Washington, USA, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, 91109, USA, LimnoTech, Ann Arbor, 48108, Michigan, USA, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Duebendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, D-12587, Germany, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, 3240, New Zealand, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Station dhydrobiologie lacustre (UMR CARRTEL), Thonon les Bains, 74200, France, University of Helsinki, Lammi Biological Station, Helsinki, FI-16900, Finland, Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, 55812, Minnesota, USA, Vale Living with Lakes Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, Ontario, Canada, U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, Colorado, USA, Water Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, China, Australian Water Quality Center, SA Water Corporation, 5001, Australia, Research Institute for Limnology, University Innsbruck, Mondsee, A-5310, Austria, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, 12222, New York, USA, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, 33960, Florida, USA, Fisheries Ecosystems Advisory Services, Marine Institute, Newport, Co. Mayo Ireland, Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand, Florida Sea Grant and University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA, Melbourne Water Corporation, Victoria, 3001, Australia, LUBW Landesanstalt fr Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Wrttemberg, Institut fr Seenforschung, Langenargen, D-88045, Germany, Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, New York, USA, International Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentExperimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, R3B 2L6, Manitoba, Canada, Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District, Holdredge, 68949, Nebraska, USA, Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, 664003, Russia, U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, 99508, Alaska, USA, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences Rannu, Estonia, 61117, Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, 12587, Germany, Wasserversorgung der Stadt Zurich (WVZ), Zurich, CH-8021, Switzerland, Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, Otsu, 520-0022, Shiga, Japan, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland, NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, 48108, Michigan, USA, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, EH260QB, Scotland, UK, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 93106, California, USA, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany, Hydrology Laboratory, Limnology Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 196105, Russian Federation, Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartumaa, 61117, Estonia, Amt fur Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft, Kanton Zurich, Zurich, CH-8005, Switzerland, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Dorset, P0A 1E0, Ontario, Canada, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080, Belgium, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, The Lake Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Migdal, 14950, Israel, National Research Council, Institute of Ecosystem Study, Verbania, 28922, Pallanza, Italy, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all'Adige, Fondazione E. Mach, S. Michele allAdige (Trento), 38010, Italy, Institute for Sustainable Cities, City University of New York, New York, 10065, USA, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA, UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center, Incline Village, 95616, Nevada, USA, Sydney Catchment Authority, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia, Department of Biology, Universitat Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany, Department of Limnology and Biological Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, 1010, New Zealand, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland, Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden, Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, 45056, Ohio, USA, You can also search for this author in Warmer temperatures have kick-started melting from lower and mid-elevations of a snowpack that exceeded some historic highs. In 1979, the Insurance Commissioner of Indiana confiscated the assets of Collette's now-defunct Pilgrim Life Insurance Company, and the State of Indiana briefly owned Thunderbird Mountain before selling it to Executive National Life Insurance in 1981. Centre 8, 191196 (2006). One still should be able to carry on ordinary outdoor activities. Snucins, E. & Gunn, J. Interannual variation in the thermal structure of clear and colored lakes. be Yellowin situ sampled lakes; Redsatellite sampled lakes. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Lake Tarawera, located in North Island, New Zealand, was sampled monthly from the subsurface (20cm) to the bottom at 1m intervals. [18], In 1979, the State of North Carolina had prohibited any new connections to the antiquated water system. The air temperature data we obtained from NCEP represent version 2 of the NCEP reanalysis data65. These sites were Kaskesniemi, Noljakansaaret, Pyhsaari, and Kokonluoto, with maximum depths of 38, 13, 53, and 65m (ref. Lake Baikal, located in south of the Russian region of Siberia, was sampled approximately every 1014 days. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). An average temperature was only computed if at least 20 valid cloud-free satellite retrievals were available in a given 3-month period, to ensure that the observations adequately characterize the temperature curve. Report. Manag. Lett. Data The horizon should be clearly defined and the brightest stars should be visible under good atmospheric conditions (i.e. Meteorol. Water temperatures were recorded in the morning usually between 9:00 and 10:00 using a thermometer from an open water site in the middle of Upper Lake Constance (water column depth at sampling site: 252m) (ref. Not to Bull. Korhonen, J. For many of the lakes sampled using satellite imagery, very little morphometric information was readily available. Hope Valley, Little Para, and Tod were sampled at a depth of 0m, Warren at depths of 0, 5, and 10m, Happy Valley at 0, 5, 10 and 15m, Beetaloo at depths of 0, 10 and 15m, Millbrook and South Para at 0, 10, and 20m, Barossa at 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25m, Mount Bold and Myponga at 0, 10, 20 and 30m, and Kangaroo Creek Reservoir at 0, 10, and 30m. All samples were obtained from sites adjacent to the dam wall. Water temperatures were measured between 11:30 and 14:30 depending on the sampling day and meteorological conditions. 3, 299310 (2007). The lakes were sampled weekly to monthly, depending on the year, at a depth range of 060m using a combination of continuous sampling and discrete profile measurement techniques. Preparing lake level chart. Am. Water temperature plays an important role in almost all USGS water science. water Meteorol. [5], Because of its mountainous terrain, Graham County was one of the last sections of the eastern United States to be settled by Europeans. Males had a median income of $50,625 versus $0 for females. 57, 1479 (2012). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. After 1992, sampling depth for Lake Ocheechobee changed from 0 to 0.5m. Water temperature sampling was performed in the morning with a YSI multi-parameter in situ water analyzer. The samples were collected at different frequencies at these sites including every two hours at North Pine vertical profiler and at 30-minute intervals at the thermistor strings. water Phytoplankton community reorganization driven by eutrophication and warming in Lake Biwa. Schiller Park, IL (60176) warning46 F Mostly Cloudy. Sydney Catchment Authority. . U.S. Route 129 passes just north of the town, leading southeast 6 miles (10km) to Robbinsville, the county seat, and northwest 9 miles (14km) to Tapoco at the Little Tennessee River. Air temperatures for the NCEP reanalysis data are projected onto a global T62 Gaussian grid of 192 equally spaced points in longitude and 94 unequally spaced points in latitude65. All were sampled weekly except Mount Bold, South Para, and Tod which were sampled fortnightly. From 2003 to 2005 and in 2007, the CTD 90 multiparameter probe was used. From 19602004, a paper chart recorder with a mercury thermometer was used. The insurance company did not repair the water system or provide other services specified by the restrictive covenants, and many property owners stopped paying their fees. Current data typically are recorded at 15- to 60-minute intervals, stored onsite, and then transmitted to USGS offices every 1 to 4 hours, depending on the data relay technique used. Thus, a global data set of water temperature is required to understand and synthesize global, long-term trends in surface water temperatures of inland bodies of water. Show prices. The instruments provide a nominal pixel size of 1km2 at the centre of nadir and about 1.52.0km at the centre of the forward swath. Overall, however, the SRB data show a lower mean bias across 36 global sites (5.5Wm2; 1.9%) (ref. Lake Santeetlah, NC 10-Day Weather Forecast. 14, 152161 (1998). Am. Influence of atmospheric modes of variability on the limnological characteristics of large lakes south of the Alps: a new emerging paradigm. 511 (2012). We compiled satellite-derived surface water temperatures from 154 lakes (Figure 1). Geophys. OReilly, C. M., Alin, S. R., Plisnier, P.-D., Cohen, A. S. & McKee, B. Kanamitsu, M. et al. All lakes were sampled fortnightly in 1985. Oceanogr. Water temperature; Wave heights; Radar & Lightning Radar & Lightning Radar. [16], On April 13, 1989, Thunderbird Mountain became the Town of Santeetlah,[17] and in 1991, Executive National transferred the roads and the water system to the town. ATSR data has also been extensively validated over the oceans and over the Lake Tahoe (CA/NV) validation site operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory63. You are about to report this weather station for bad data. Rsner, R., Mller-Navarra, D. C. & Zorita, E. Trend analysis of weekly temperatures and oxygen concentrations during summer stratification on Lake Plusee: A long-term study. All lakes were sampled at a depth of 0.5m, in addition to several other depths depending on the maximum lake depth. 2005620028) registered with the government of the Russian Federation and collected by many Irkutsk State University staff, now supported by Russian Ministry of Education and Science, research project GR 01201461929, National Science Foundation (DEB-1136637) supported additional data management. Toolik Lake, a multibasin kettle lake in the Alaskan Arctic in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, United States, is a major study site of the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research program (http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/dataprotocol/ArcticLTERIM.html). 46). 7, 776780 (2010). Lakes Inari and Kevojrvi are located in the northernmost Lapland Province. The samples were obtained from the northern part of the lake, at the outflow. Res. The first, GLTClakeinformation.csv, contains information for each lake, who collected the data, lake location and surroundings. Offering 2 buildable Lots for the price of 1. Station Name Station Identifier; Smoky Hill River at Ellsworth, KS: 06864500: Big Blue River at Marysville, KS: 06882510: Little Blue River near Barnes, KS . be 2014 Water temperature sampling was conducted continuously (in situ paper or sensor record), but compiled daily at midnight. Sci. The average household size was 1.76 and the average family size was 2.12. Rimmer, A., Gal, G., Opher, T., Lechinsky, Y. Water temperatures were recorded between 10:00 and 12:00 depending on the sampling day using reversing thermometers connected to the bottle for water sampling36. Limnol. Schindler, D. E., Rogers, D. E., Scheuerell, M. D. & Abrey, C. A. Whilst the town does get an average of 61 inches of rain a year, it also gets 204 sunny days on average. Kaskesniemi was sampled at an interval of 2 to 4m, Noljakansaaret at an interval of 2m, and both Pyhsaari and Kokonluoto at an interval of 5m depth. These data are monthly gridded files calculated from observations. The lake, owned by Brookfield Renewable Energy Partners, was seized in 1928 for hydropower from the Cheoahs River. Limnol. Water temperature was measured at different depths from the top to the bottom of the lake. Data from the Swiss lakes were kindly provided by the City of Zurich Water Supply (WVZ) and by the Amt fr Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft (AWEL) of the Canton of Zurich. Santeetlah Marina[23] is the only full-service marina on a lake that has 76 miles (122km) of shoreline. The time of Actual Sunset minus the time of Actual Sunrise. Assessment of three satellite-estimated land surface downwelling shortwave irradiance data sets. Geophys. The date of the first sample for each of the 20000 datasets was chosen as a random date in June and then the following samples were equally spaced in time starting from that date. volume2, Articlenumber:150008 (2015) & Zvody, A. M. Toward the elimination of bias in satellite retrievals of sea surface temperature: 1. Owens, E. M. Thermal and heat transfer characteristics of Cannonsville Reservoir. 12879 lakes / reservoirs. Solar radiation is a key component of lake heat budgets13. C.O., Stephanie E. Hampton, D.K.G., J.S.R., and S.Sh. NDBC Dial-A-Buoy Information. Recording and transmission times may be more frequent during critical events. "[12] In 1971, Smoky Mountain Resorts sold its interest to W. Bennett Collette, "a dabbler in buying financially distressed properties. Water Bull. We calculated summer mean temperatures for a 3-month period. The DWD series consisted of monthly measurements in 2m intervals from 0 to 20m and then in 10m intervals to the deepest point. Russian Acad. parameter Water temperatures were recorded between 8:00 and 12:00 using a YSI profiler from 19751994, a Hydrolab Datasonde II profiler from 19952010, and a Hydrolab Datasonde 5 profiler in 2011. Approximately a mile north of the town is Cheoah Point Recreation Area, which has developed swimming, camping, and picnicking facilities as well as a boat ramp. Fish. for Nature 424, 766768 (2003). Differences between the two mean values are assumed to be the result of different sampling times (often day versus night), different sampling frequencies, measurement errors, and differences between skin and bulk water temperatures. Measurements were made twice a month at 0.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80m, and bottom (approximately 9095m) (ref. Santeetlah Lake's current water temperature is 57F Todays forecast is, Clear With a high around 74F and the low around 37F. Arch. Feet MSL. Evol. for Lake Santeetlah, North Carolina Sharma, S. Long Term Ecological Research Network https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/379a6cebee50119df2575c469aba19c5 (2015) et al. The difference was calculated by year for each simulated dataset. & Hamilton, G. D. Programs of the National Data Buoy Center. 5, 129144 (2004). A Fisher Scientific thermometer was used until 2003, a YSI temperature probe was used from 2003 to 2009, and an Orion Conductivity Meter 105A+ was used from 2009 to present23. Satellite-derived multivariate world-wide lake physical variable timeseries for climate studies, A long-term dataset of lake surface water temperature over the Tibetan Plateau derived from AVHRR 19812015, Global data set of long-term summertime vertical temperature profiles in 153 lakes, Seasonal overturn and stratification changes drive deep-water warming in one of Earths largest lakes, Global lake thermal regions shift under climate change, Deeper waters are changing less consistently than surface waters in a global analysis of 102 lakes, The global lake area, climate, and population dataset, High resolution temperature data for ecological research and management on the Southern Ocean Islands, Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data, http://ecosystems.mbl.edu/ARC/dataprotocol/ArcticLTERIM.html, https://lter.limnology.wisc.edu/about/lakes, https://knb.ecoinformatics.org/#view/kgordon.35.49, http://www.pref.shiga.lg.jp/d/biwako-kankyo/lberi/, http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/19451/TR2011-12.pdf, https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/379a6cebee50119df2575c469aba19c5, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, Analysis of surface temperature variation of lakes in China using MODIS land surface temperature data, Maximum lake surface water temperatures changing characteristics under climate change, Warming of surface water in the large and shallow lakes across the Yangtze River Basin, China, and its driver analysis, Reply to: Concerns about phytoplankton bloom trends in global lakes, Southern coastal subtropical shallow lakes skin temperature driven by climatic and non-climatic factors. J. Paleolimnol. a 14, 19471958 (2008). Water temperature sampling was performed usually in the morning and sometimes in the afternoon using a mercury thermometer in a VanDorn closing bottle6. Depth maps and Marine charts. Each site was sampled from the surface (1m) to the bottom. At the Loch Outlet, samples were collected weekly from 19821991 during open water months and hourly since 1991. In Lake Bourget, water temperature was measured with the ISMA probe DNTC (Ponselle) in 1985. Current weather in Lake Santeetlah, NC. Science 250, 967970 (1990). Both data and metadata can be accessed at http://portal.lternet.edu/, https://www.dataone.org/ and in the R package laketemps. Edmondson, W. T. & Lehman, J. T. The effect of changes in the nutrient income on the condition of Lake Washington. Hsieh, C. H. et al. format. Rossow, W. B. In the beginning of morning astronomical twilight and at the end of astronomical twilight in the evening, sky illumination is very faint, and might be undetectable. Lake Vrtsjrv (Vortsjarv) in southern Estonia, was sampled twice daily at 8:00 and 20:00 until April 30 2011, and hourly since then, at the surface. Bi-weekly depth profiles were generated every meter, except immediately above the thermocline and in the metalimnion where 0.25m depth increments were used. We subsequently computed the mean temperature of a 3-month period over all 92 daily values obtained from the fitted LOWESS curve. Proc. The time of Civil Sunset minus the time of Civil Sunrise. Space observations of inland water bodies show rapid surface warming since 1985. Res. In 2008 and 2009, the CTD 90M multiparameter probe was used. Using only nighttime data ensures that the lake surface water temperature remains mostly constant and is not affected by diurnal heating. Because the ratio of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions remains the same, the acidity of water does not change with temperature 28. "[11] Although roads were graded and paved and a water system installed, "Thunderbird Mountain Club Resort", as the development was first called, was "always short of capital. Only lakes that exhibited at least a 1010km area of pure water surface without any islands or shorelines were selected, in order to make sure that there was no contamination by land surfaces.