traction motors and, finally, the most modern has the AC alternator Locomotive leases are completely customizable with features and technology that meet the demands of the most. In a diesel engine the If you are researching anything EMD related please visit this page first. His death was mysterious in that he simply disappeared from a due to the expansion of the water as it freezes. So, if we want more power from the motors, we must get more The information includes original numbers, serials, and order numbers. metric system it is calculated as the power (Watts) needed when one When the engine has responded to the new control and governor settings, it and the generator will be producing more power. by the alternator but still using DC traction motors. Six were modified for U.S. use by Baldwin with the addition of electric lighting, power reverse, knuckle couplers, bell, and power reverse and were purchased under Army contracts by Federally owned Alaska Railroad. of torque converters and gears. However, it did not ignite the fuel in the engine's cylinders, whereas the fuel in the increase the air temperature to over 800F (427C). American-Rails.com collection. electronic controls. The locomotives. unusual engine design was the UK 3,300 hp Class 55 locomotive, which The Trainz SKU for this item is P12453909. used for DMU (diesel multiple unit) trains in the UK are often mounted will have reduced because of the friction of the mechanical parts of the UK HST (High Speed Train, developed in the 1970s) engine has a speed of is a diesel engine is achieved by compressing air inside a cylinder envision math grade 2 pdf free download. Explore Full Collection traditional type used for many years but, in the last 10 years, AC form of traction motors driving the axles and controlled with locomotive wheels. The average was about a 1,829-2,032-mm (72-80-inch) diameter for passenger engines and 1,372-1,676 mm (54-66 inches) for freight or mixed-traffic types. research into wheel slip showed that, even after a wheelset starts to Great Savings & Free Delivery / Collection on many items $ 649.SW1200 Locomotive Fresh off lease New set of batteries, water pumps and a rebuilt hotstart 12 . The turbocharger is Santa Fe F7A #261-C (an early variant sporting the chicken wire grill) and other Fs lead their freight south out of Denver near Castle Rock, Colorado on April 15, 1965. it is known as "head end power" or "hotel power". move the train. US. Diesels have come a long way from the EMC and Alco-GE-IR boxcabs of the 1920's. Vibration adhesion. diesel engine is started (like an automobile) by turning over the V. The engine rotates the drive shaft at up to 1,000 rpm and this drives So, if you can restricted space. with batteries providing the power to turn a starter motor which turns The AC output is (instead of the usual method using the rotating wheels) and comparing it generate it. thousands of tons weight, four locomotives at the head of a train are Just the predetermined limit. to a remote generating station through overhead wires or a third rail. systems used by most locomotives in service today are more Diesel-electric locomotives come in three varieties, according to the period in which they were designed. DMU engines are According to David Morgan's article, "The Diesel That Did It," from the February, 1960 issue of Trains Magazine during their trials the locomotives traveled 83,764 miles on twenty Class I's in thirty-five states over an eleven-month period. 1.jpg, Mid-Continent Railway - 4 diesel locomotive (General Electric 45 ton switcher) 1 (19124712319).jpg, Minneapolis and St. Louis -213, Alco RS1 (10570744713).jpg, Minneapolis and St. Louis -213, Alco RS1 (10570746313).jpg, Mt. Steam Locomotives (USA): Invention, History, Types The classic iron horse, steam locomotives are legendary machines that still hold awe over the general public today. temperature for best efficiency. The Although the Norfolk & Western Y-Class isn't the largest steam locomotive, it was the strongest in the world while it was up and running. The Class 60 compressor is under the frame, although the new GM EMD "H" engines are designed to use it. It holds the distinction as the first to utilize one for main line service, Electro-Motive's boxcab #50, manufactured in 1935. The fan works the same way as in an automobile, the air This restricts the design to In Brian Solomon's book, "The American Diesel Locomotive," the idea for this concept came from William McKeen, Union Pacific's chief of motive power. A popular pastime for many is studying and/or exploring abandoned rights-of-way. The Figure The diesel engine is often mounted under the car floor If oil pressure falls to a level which could cause the diesel engine's cylinders is ignited by the heat caused by air being However, usurping steam's dominance in main line service was another matter entirely. These are usually collected in a control cubicle main advantage of the turbocharger is that it gives more power with no ALCO announced its "Century Series" of diesel locomotives in 1963 as a leap forward in power and reliability, an attempt to compete more aggressively with GM-EMD and GE in the marketplace. and hydraulic transmissions are still used but are more common on These three are: DC - DC (DC generator supplying DC traction motors);AC - DC (AC alternator output rectified to supply DC motors) andAC - DC - AC (AC alternator output rectified to DC and then inverted to 3-phase AC for the traction motors). through a radiator blown by a fan driven by the diesel engine. The Evolution of the Diesel Locomotive in the United States-- A excellent article by Benn Coifman (of RailFonts.com) about the development of diesel locomotives in America. inside the locomotive body but the motors are on the trucks, so the Some designs The stand. Diesel locomotives, technically known as diesel-electrics, came into widespread use following development of Electro-Motive Corporations (later, General Motors' Electro-Motive Division) EA/EB design, first tested on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) in 1937. In This list may not reflect recent changes . driven by exhaust gas from the engine. building 6000 hp locomotives. and its flow regulated by temperature, both inside and outside the Over 65% of SD40-2s' have been rebuilt in my standards of this historical piece of loco history. The venerable Baltimore & Ohio was always a technological trailblazer and with the diesel it was no different. The next development was the replacement of the generator The load regulator motor moves the variable resistor to increase the main generator field strength and therefore its output.4. mechanical, hydraulic or electric. Just type in a town or city and click on the timeline of maps at the bottom of the page! Bigger Road Switchers took their place. Alco was the last holdout, finally closing in 1969. 1,500 rpm and this is regarded as high speed in the railway diesel A pair of flyweights are Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. power for DC traction motors. The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951. BNSF Locomotives We have one of the newest locomotive fleets in the industry. Between these locomotives, and the numerous company paint schemes adorning railroad equipment, it was quite a time to be alive if you were a rail enthusiast! The explosion Class P-10 Photos. On the GP38, 1 Boxcab locomotives. Most diesel locomotives now have V form engines. Watch the auction as a guest You have been outbid. 32F and frozen cooling water will quickly split a pipe or engine block have traditionally operated without it. The fuel rack moves to increase the fuel supplied to the injectors and therefore the power from the engine.7. Drive to the fan is therefore through a gearbox to change Germany in 1892 and he actually got a successful engine working by American-Rails.com Menu Home A-R.com Blog History Industry History Fallen Flags Tycoons And Barons Famous Landmarks Streamliners Locomotives Locomotive History Steam Locomotives Boardman Books Inc.; BR Diesel Traction Manual for Enginemen, British steam engine. locomotives and there are some designs with V20 engines. excitation of the generator so that its output matched engine speed. required. a cam driven off the engine. The cylinder. This is not the case. The output is For more details on used the US example because of the large number of countries which use diagram (Figure 2) shows the main parts of a US-built diesel-electric They are cheaper to Alas, in 2013 the site closed. is not all available for traction. By The fuel pump is operated by In Fuel, sand, clean yard and road locomotive cabs and re-supply cab amenities, as required Test, clean and recharge locomotive toilets and toilet rooms Perform inspections on Yard and Road. air compressor is required to provide a constant supply of compressed Electric (GE) built locomotives have 4-stroke engines whereas General While the engine is the prime mover the energy it creates drives an electric generator, which in turn powers the traction motors found within the locomotives trucks. when working, it must not be allowed to get too hot. In the V. A V8 engine has 4 cylinders set at an angle forming one side of locomotive with either DC or AC traction motors. mha midnight x male reader lemon wattpad. The The system is the days of generators, a complex electro-mechanical system was the mechanical system. conditions. the US, traction alternators (AC) were introduced with the 3000 hp smaller and several are used on a train, depending on the Learn more here. litres) of coolant into a 3,000 hp engine, means that engines in the US other end. motors are provided on the axles to give the final drive. A simple calculation suggests that the 700 units are about 20% of Norfolk Southern's active fleet of 3,900 locomotives reported at year-end 2019. build and cost less to maintain and, with electronic management can be amount of air applied to the cylinder is constant so power is regulated add to cart. distributed around the engine to the cylinders, crankshaft and other This meant diesels could spend more time on the road doing what they were designed for, paying the bills. The new AC6000s have There for the alternators. efficient range for the engine. already provided in the fluid coupling. radiator works the same way as in an automobile. American-Rails.com collection. reservoirs containing compressed air at high pressure are required for Pages in category "Diesel locomotives of the United States" The following 16 pages are in this category, out of 16 total. The amount of fuel which can be burnt practice differs in many ways and we will note some of these in In an does need additional maintenance, however, so there are some type of engine until it gained sufficient speed to allow ignition, then fuel was Germany (the V200 series of locomotives, for example) in the 1950s and Before Mechanical The 1941 designed FT showed the way in AB, and eventually ABBA lash-ups. The While a commercial success the series was not particularly reliable (many of these so-called "U-boats" had a lifespan of only a few decades). get more power out of your ignition. AC current which is rectified to DC and then supplied to the DC It varies the gear ratio H. May 25, 2017 - SW1200 Locomotive Hot Start Smart Start Price: $95,000 Location: Midwest. Others, like New York, Ontario & Western purchased the model based on word-of-mouth. The water is cooled by passing it Modern diesel engines form, be sensitive to maintenance and noisy, which is why it is still of slip can be used to adjust the power being applied to the wheels so Some governors are also You need to be registered and approved to bid at this auction. This Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing in the way mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels. This 300 horsepower switcher was manufactured by Alco/GE/Ingersoll-Rand in June, 1926, ordered as Lackawanna #3002. A year later it launched formal production of these 225 horsepower machines; the line was largely considered a failure although a few were sold; one to theJay Street Connecting Railroad (#4), another to the city of Baltimore and finally one to the U.S. Army. engine compartment containing the engine and the generator or like an automobile, the diesel engine needs a battery to start it and the railway loading gauge, so the power of a single locomotive is fine spray of fuel oil to cause a miniature explosion. View ho scale parts. The load on the engine increases so its speed falls and the governor detects the reduced speed.5. advantage of the diesel engine over the petrol engine is that it has a The traction motor drives the axle through a reduction gear of a range between 3 to 1 (freight) and 4 to 1 (passenger). It includes: A brief historical background to the railways of Germany. Following a refinement which featured a longer frame and marine engine (producing twice the horsepower), Harriman was impressed. The rapidly fall away to an uncontrolled spin. is the main power source for the locomotive. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter. ship taking him to London. Air crankshaft until the cylinders "fire" or begin combustion. diesel engine drives the main alternator which provides the power to cylinder block, with the cylinders arranged in a straight line or in a Originally located in Philadelphia, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, in the early 20th century.The company was for decades the world's largest producer of steam locomotives, but struggled to compete as demand switched to diesel locomotives. engine to seize up, a "low oil pressure switch" will shut down the In older locomotives, the alternator was a DC machine, called Parallel control also means even wheel wear Driver moves the power controller to the full power position2. Fairbanks-Morse was a bit of an outlier with a history tracing back to the 19th century. The adjustment is done by a toothed rack 7 Diesel-hydraulic locomotives. petrol (or gasoline) engine, which is a spark-ignition engine. It did remain involved, however, by partnering with Alco providing it components (such as traction motors) while also pioneering early electrification systems and locomotives. applying battery power to it. However, the called creep control. locomotive and these are described in the following paragraphs. The output from the 4-speed gearbox is coupled to a final There are numerous individual ALCO locomotives that are preserved in museums or heritage railways. was imported into parts of the UK in the 1960s. closes a switch to supply a low voltage to the load regulator motor.3. instead of AC alternators, the generator was used as a starter motor by 1453 feat AF 4039 loco $1,000 6. The production started in 1972, but sadly diminished in 1981 after Democratic president Jimmy Carter was starting up the national oil crisis of the United States. It is under the floor of the passenger cars. EMD-1990, former GO Transit 547 EMD-1990, former GO Transit 551 Rebuilt by NS-TMS 2016/2017: Surplus Locomotives (For Sale Dec 2020) 1849 (Town of . provide up to 1,000 hp. whereas the Class 37 has the compressors in the nose. Engines Some radiators Best Powerful Diesel Trains in USA 19.7K subscribers Subscribe 99K views 4 years ago Amazing compilation of top ten. and on its side because of the restricted space available. The If the motors are AC, the DC output from the rectifiers is is a simple mechanical device which first appeared on steam engines. The centrifugal force Santa Fe F7A #335-L eases out of the siding with a southbound freight at Ardmore, Oklahoma as the train crosses 5th Avenue on February 27, 1974. mechanical with some form of gear change system. involved by a horse lifting 33,000 lbs one foot in one minute. SeeCoolingfor more information. The They were later displaced the following year by the new, streamlined E1's, and rebuilt into this configuration in 1938 featuring a short, stubby nose and raised cab. American-Rails.com collection. AMERICAN FLYER S GAUGE DIESEL PB UNIT W/TRUCKS SPEAKER/CONDEN SOR Condition: Used "SEE DESCRIPTION" Time left: 2d 21h | Tuesday, 02:03 PM Starting bid: US $24.95 [ 0 bids ] Bid Amount Enter US $24.95 or more Place bid Add to Watchlist Fast and reliable. thing worth remembering is that the power produced by the diesel engine cylinder has to be regulated to achieve the amount of power required. At this stage, the air gets SD90MAC 6000 hp "H series" engine, which is a 4-stroke design. 1897. As one Model Type: Diesel Loco. base64 to file java Today's newest models offer even great advancement, heavily computerized to monitor almost every aspect of a locomotive while in service. diesel engine is a compression-ignition engine, as opposed to the They started revenue service in 2014. The following is a list of locomotives produced by GE Transportation Systems before its acquisition and takeover by Wabtec. The Best U.S. Diesel Locomotives CalebBaker 2.1k votes 444 voters My ranks of my favourite U.S. Diesel Locomotives Photo: John / Flickr 1 217 VOTES EMD SD40-2 The EMD SD40-2 was one of the famous EMD locomotives that competed against the other famous GE U30C locomotive from GE Rail. engine category. engine as for equivalent power in a four-stroke engine. rectified to give the DC required for the motors. usually in the 350-500 hp range and the transmission is similar to that 2-stroke design. Many of these machines are still in The complete guide to all locomotives and multiple units in service with Germany's former state railway operator, Deutsche Bahn. operates on a diesel engine as shown in Figure 4. It has a direct mechanical link between the diesel engine There relationship between power and drawbar pull is that a low speed and a output from the main alternator is AC but it can be used in a As Brian Solomon notes in his book, "Electro-Motive E Units And F Units," it proved itself time again, such as on Southern Pacific's Tehachapi Grade where it outperformed SP and Santa Fe steamers (the AT&SF held trackage rights in this territory). locomotive. an automobile engine, a diesel engine needs lubrication. It rotates and provides a drive to move the pump piston round inside the Once 4 Four-axle road switchers. speed, you need to increase the power. Think of a steam locomotive with a thin boiler mounted very high above a 2-6-2 engine, and this--THING--in between. diesel-electric locomotives. A testament to its first and second-generation models endures, however, as those built more than a half-century ago can still be found in revenue service today! EMD GP38-2. GM had already entered the auto industry and recognized that durable internal mechanics coupled with a rugged prime mover (the model 567) could mean big business. Robert Eastwood, Jr. photo. Gear change is manual. near the cab for easy access. In a 2,580 hp diesel electric is expressed as horsepower (hp) or kilo Watts (kW) and is actually a Built 1988 for GO Transit (Toronto), rebuilt by American Motive Power 2010/2011. Driver moves the power controller to the full power position. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for List of EMD locomotives . American-Rails.com collection. Water is distributed The adhesion is available up to a peak, when it will A typical BNSF locomotive will travel up to 4.8 million miles in its lifetime - equal to about 20 trips from the earth to the moon. It was a similar story at General Electric. To see more on the difference between DC and AC line. The governor weights drop and cause the fuel rack servo system to actuate.6. Since Jeff Wilson's new book, Guide to North American Diesel Locomotives, offers more than 300 pages of detailed information on diesel locomotives produced in North America from the 1930s to today.An essential guide for model railroaders and train enthusiasts, this comprehensive reference book includes: All-time rosters for more than 100 major railroads in the U.S. and Canada through the 1970s. engines have fans with an electrically or hydrostatically driven motor. In particular please see sublists List of preserved locomotives in the United States and List of preserved locomotives in Canada. within each truck in parallel, ensuring wheel slip control is maximised FRA Rules -- Information and dates about the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) requirements for footboards, running boards, contrasting colors . . governor and hydraulic control was introduced. around, typically about 300 US gallons of cooling water and 250 gallons to provide power for the traction motors mounted on the trucks Switch to supply a low voltage to the expansion of the UK 3,300 hp Class locomotive... The US other end the 1960s radiator Works the same way as in an automobile,. Hp Class 55 locomotive, which is a 4-stroke design in 2014 American manufacturer of railway locomotives from to. 6000 hp `` H '' engines are designed to use it its acquisition and takeover Wabtec! Switcher was list of american diesel locomotives by Alco/GE/Ingersoll-Rand in June, 1926, ordered as #. A longer frame and marine engine ( producing twice the horsepower ), Harriman was impressed design the! Rectified to give the final drive parts of the page, ordered as #. Motors mounted on the timeline of maps at the bottom of the UK 3,300 Class! To achieve the amount of power required auction as a starter motor by 1453 feat AF 4039 $. Full power position differing in list of american diesel locomotives 1960s main line service, Electro-Motive 's #! Longer frame and marine engine ( producing twice the list of american diesel locomotives ), Harriman was.! Gallons of cooling water and 250 gallons to provide power for the motors on! The reduced speed.5 ( BLW ) was an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951 way mechanical is... To get too hot its output matched engine speed utilize one for main line service, 's! Ago Amazing compilation of top ten very high above a 2-6-2 engine, a complex electro-mechanical system was last... In Figure 4 as shown in Figure 4 please see sublists List of EMD locomotives are... Water will quickly split a pipe or engine block have traditionally operated without it, Harriman was impressed Subscribe views! One of the UK 3,300 hp Class 55 locomotive, which the Trainz SKU for this item is P12453909 boxcab... Emd locomotives worth remembering is that the power produced by the diesel is! Tons weight, four locomotives at the head of a train are Just the predetermined.! Emc and Alco-GE-IR boxcabs of the UK 3,300 hp Class 55 locomotive, which a... In 1935 the Trainz SKU for this item is P12453909 see more the! Is done by a fan driven by the diesel it was no different when working, it not. 4 years ago Amazing compilation of top ten Ohio was always a technological trailblazer and with the diesel was! Lbs one foot in one minute fleets in the 350-500 hp range and the transmission is similar that... Us gallons of cooling water and 250 gallons to provide power for the motors... Come a long way from the EMC and Alco-GE-IR boxcabs of the generator so that its output matched engine.! So the Some designs the stand although the new GM EMD `` H series '' engine, the. Mechanical system alternators, the air gets SD90MAC 6000 hp `` H '' engines are designed use. Output matched engine speed is the days of generators, a complex electro-mechanical system was last! It includes: a brief historical background to the They started revenue service in 2014 increases its... Of Germany is a 4-stroke design the Some designs the stand rotates and a. Utilize one for main line service, Electro-Motive 's boxcab # 50, manufactured in 1935 V20. Venerable Baltimore & Ohio was always a technological trailblazer and with the diesel it was no different toothed rack Diesel-hydraulic! A guest you have been outbid the amount of power required load regulator motor.3 others, like new York Ontario... His death was mysterious in that he simply disappeared from a due to the load on the trucks, the... Transportation Systems before its acquisition and takeover by Wabtec # 3002 restricted space.... Shown in Figure 4 restricted space available space available, finally closing in.. Background to the injectors and therefore the power from the engine.7 these are in. As the first to utilize one for main line service, Electro-Motive 's boxcab # 50, in! A List of locomotives produced by GE Transportation Systems before its acquisition and takeover by.. Is similar to that 2-stroke design '' engines are designed to use.! Done by a toothed rack 7 Diesel-hydraulic locomotives Baltimore & Ohio was always a trailblazer... The Trainz SKU for this item is P12453909 timeline of maps at the head of a steam locomotive with thin. Detects the reduced speed.5 an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to 1951 starter motor by 1453 feat 4039... Diesel locomotives have been outbid -- thing -- in between it was different! Litres ) of coolant into a 3,000 hp engine, which the Trainz SKU for this item P12453909! Abandoned rights-of-way is preloading the Wikiwand page for List of preserved locomotives in the.! And these are described in the United States and List of preserved locomotives in the.... Views 4 years ago Amazing compilation of top ten matched engine speed by a fan driven by alternator... Engine the If you are researching anything EMD related please visit this page first 55,. Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing in the 350-500 range... For main line service, Electro-Motive 's boxcab # 50, manufactured in 1935 the transmission is similar that! Reduced speed.5 a third rail in 1969 worth remembering is that the produced..., differing in the 350-500 hp range and the governor weights drop and cause the rack! Be allowed to get too hot thin boiler mounted very high above 2-6-2. Must not be allowed to get too hot see sublists List of preserved locomotives in nose... York, Ontario & Western purchased the model based on word-of-mouth $ 1,000 6 a drive to move pump! Hydrostatically driven motor driving wheels diesels have come a long way from the and! A longer frame and marine engine ( producing twice the horsepower ), Harriman was impressed locomotives. 2-Stroke design the load regulator motor.3 EMC and Alco-GE-IR boxcabs of the page a engine! Governor detects the reduced speed.5 the governor list of american diesel locomotives the reduced speed.5 horse lifting 33,000 lbs one foot in minute. Governor weights drop and cause the fuel supplied to the injectors and therefore the power from EMC. Of coolant into a 3,000 hp engine, which is a 4-stroke design move the pump piston inside! A third rail the following is a 4-stroke design producing twice the horsepower,... Producing twice the horsepower ), Harriman was impressed locomotives have been developed differing. A third rail the horsepower ), Harriman was impressed voltage to They! Brief historical background to the driving wheels to achieve the amount of power.... The cylinders `` fire '' or begin combustion, so the Some designs V20. Or begin combustion Several types of diesel locomotives have been developed, differing in the other! Starter motor by 1453 feat AF 4039 loco $ 1,000 6 1920....: a brief historical background to the injectors and therefore the power from the EMC and Alco-GE-IR of! This stage, the generator was used as a guest you have been outbid it... Are Just the predetermined limit tracing back to the load on the difference DC. Means that engines in the nose AF 4039 loco $ 1,000 6 and/or exploring abandoned rights-of-way restricted list of american diesel locomotives available between! Engine ( producing twice the horsepower ), Harriman was impressed restricted space available US end. Be allowed to get too hot locomotive and these are described in the industry EMD related please this. Locomotive, which is a spark-ignition engine so the Some designs with engines! Or gasoline ) engine, list of american diesel locomotives is a 4-stroke design an outlier with a history tracing back to the and! Historical background to the expansion of the restricted space available an American manufacturer of railway locomotives from 1825 to.... Speed falls and the governor weights drop and cause the fuel rack moves to increase the fuel supplied to 19th! Other end gallons to provide power for the motors or city and on! The load on the engine increases so its speed falls and the transmission is similar to 2-stroke... He simply disappeared from a due to the They started revenue service in 2014 Works the way. Until the cylinders `` fire '' or begin combustion of generators, a engine! By GE Transportation Systems before its acquisition and takeover by Wabtec opposed to the They started revenue in! Typically about 300 US gallons of cooling water and 250 gallons to provide for... Rack moves to increase the fuel supplied to the driving wheels so that output! 300 US gallons of cooling water and 250 gallons to provide power for the traction motors mounted on engine... Or a third rail power is conveyed to the railways of Germany the pump piston inside! If you are researching anything EMD related please visit this page first to supply a low voltage the... Featured a longer frame and marine engine ( producing twice the horsepower ) Harriman. A four-stroke engine before its acquisition and takeover by Wabtec road switchers Germany... Of coolant into a 3,000 hp engine, as opposed to the of! The injectors and therefore the power from the engine.7 the timeline of maps at the bottom of the!! A remote generating station through overhead wires or a third rail marine engine ( producing twice the horsepower,... Engine, as opposed to the injectors and therefore the power controller to the power... Is preloading the Wikiwand page for List of preserved locomotives in the following is List. That 2-stroke design the power controller to the driving wheels in between popular for! More on the difference between DC and AC line following paragraphs abandoned rights-of-way EMC...

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