[48] They attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and went into hiding,[49] living off the donations of friends and sympathisers. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. I therefore propose to comrades that they should devise a means of removing him from this job and should appoint to this job someone else who is distinguished from comrade Stalin in all other respects only by the single superior aspect that he should be more tolerant, more polite and more attentive towards comrades, less capricious, etc. [746] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[747] his interest was in power rather than wealth. By 1922 however, other members of the party leadership, particularly Lenin and Trotsky, were starting to become concerned with the level of power Stalin was accumulating. [246] On this trip, Stalin met with his son Yakov, and brought him back to Moscow;[247] Nadezhda had given birth to another of Stalin's sons, Vasily, in March 1921. [304] His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino,[305] and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. [686] Stalin referred to himself as a praktik, meaning that he was more of a practical revolutionary than a theoretician. [291] In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. Many millions died as the result of Japanese war crimes during World War II under Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito.. [ 1] Lenin had held the party together since 1917 and had been the central person to determine its policies. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. [783], Stalin was ruthless,[784] temperamentally cruel,[785] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [633] The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[634] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. [464], The Soviets further demanded parts of eastern Finland, but the Finnish government refused. [715] Ultimately he believed that all nations would merge into a single, global human community,[715] and regarded all nations as inherently equal. [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. [542] Many Soviet soldiers engaged in looting, pillaging, and rape, both in Germany and parts of Eastern Europe. [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20million or above which were made before access to the archives. [490] He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. "[730], Stalin had a soft voice,[731] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. [774] Several historians have seen it as appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. [772], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[773] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. [550] Soviet forces continued to expand until they occupied all their territorial concessions, but the U.S. rebuffed Stalin's desire for the Red Army to take a role in the Allied occupation of Japan. [556] Still, Stalin foresaw the undesirability of a nuclear conflict, saying in 1949 that "atomic weapons can hardly be used without spelling the end of the world. [624] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [837] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. Vozhd ("leader") Joseph Stalin, dictator of Soviet Union has also been referred to as Father of Nations, "Great Leader . [349] The first major show trial in the USSR was the Shakhty Trial of 1928, in which several middle-class "industrial specialists" were convicted of sabotage. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. Answer and Explanation: . [660], Stalin's death was announced on 6 March. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. Such titles used by heads of state and/or government during the Second World War include: Fhrer ("leader" or "guide") Adolf Hitler, from 1934 to 1945, dictator of Germany (formally " Fhrer and Reich Chancellor "). [542], In April 1945, the Red Army seized Berlin, Hitler committed suicide, and Germany surrendered in May. [706] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. [645], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [195] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. [693] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. Stalin held the title General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position . [622] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. [475] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 193045", "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered", "The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion", "Georgia Divided Over Stalin 'Local Hero' Status in Gori", "Russians name Stalin as the most 'outstanding' figure of all times", "Stalin as a Neo-Pagan Deity in Contemporary Russia", "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past", "Josef Stalin: communist, murderer - saint? Here are 10 facts about Joseph Stalin. [76] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [461] On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania. [669] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. It is the name of the symbol of the moral and political unity of the Soviet people! [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [119] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. Written in response to public revelations of the 1939 Soviet alliance with Germany, it focused on blaming the Western powers for the war. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [703] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. [764] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. [592] Stalin also initiated a new military build-up; the Soviet army was expanded from 2.9million soldiers, as it stood in 1949, to 5.8million by 1953. [609] Stalin had a particularly strained relationship with Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito due to the latter's continued calls for Balkan federation and for Soviet aid for the communist forces in the ongoing Greek Civil War. He is also a full member of the Politburo. [594] It launched the Marshall Plan in June 1947, with which it sought to undermine Soviet hegemony throughout Eastern Europe. [771] According to Volkogonov, "Stalin's private life and working life were one and the same"; he did not take days off from political activities. [535] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) was the leader of Italy from 1922 until 1945. [55] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [738][739] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. [797], Keenly interested in the arts,[798] Stalin admired artistic talent. [720] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [559] At a banquet held for army commanders, he described the Russian people as "the outstanding nation" and "leading force" within the Soviet Union, the first time that he had unequivocally endorsed the Russians over other Soviet nationalities. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . As the majority of excess deaths under Stalin were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime. [931], The only other part of the former Soviet Union other than Russia where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. The first Five Year Plan had seen: An increase in the production of raw materials, iron, steel etc. [817] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[818] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [608] Stalin did not personally attend the meeting, sending Zhdanov in his place. [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. What title was stalin given n 1922? work and the less danger there will be of a split due to some indiscretion. The Soviet Union was the world's first Marxist-Communist state . [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [383] The worst affected areas were Ukraine and the North Caucasus, although the famine also affected Kazakhstan and several Russian provinces. The real motivation for the terror, according to Harris, was an excessive fear of counterrevolution. [572] Academia and the arts were also allowed greater freedom than they had prior to 1941. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. See answer (1) Best Answer. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. The Communist International: Organ of the E.C.C.I. Even in the Soviet Union, Stalin's predecessor, Vladimir . [448] According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. [649] There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. "[884] In both the Soviet Union and elsewhere he came to be portrayed as an "Oriental despot". [674] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[675] pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. It can be assumed that he believed that most of these medals were given undeservedly. [51] He continued to evade arrest by using aliases and sleeping in different apartments. [799] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. In 1928 Stalin abandoned Lenin's quasi-capitalist New Economic Policy in favour of headlong state-organized industrialization under a succession of five-year plans. [661] His body was embalmed,[662] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [129], After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. [612] It was aimed at establishing economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. [676] The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. Copy. [301] Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze,[302] with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. [439] His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. [528] Stalin was impatient for the UK and U.S. to open up a Western Front to take the pressure off of the East; they eventually did so in mid-1944. members to 50 or even 100 must, in my opinion serve a double or even a treble purpose: the more members there are in the C.C., the more men will be trained in C.C. What title did Stalin receive in 1922? [373] In November 1932, after a group dinner in the Kremlin in which Stalin flirted with other women, Nadezhda shot herself. [134] Lenin, who encouraged Stalin to write an article on the subject,[135] wanted to attract those groups to the Bolshevik cause by offering them the right of secession from the Russian state, but also hoped they would remain part of a future Bolshevik-governed Russia. We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[165], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. [230] He also believed that the Red Army was ill-prepared to conduct an offensive war and that it would give White Armies a chance to resurface in Crimea, potentially reigniting the civil war. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. [598] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. 4. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. The strategy included Soviet-Nazi collaboration and the Molotov . [894] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. Using the idea of collective responsibility as a basis, Stalin's government abolished their autonomous republics and between late 1943 and 1944 deported the majority of their populations to Central Asia and Siberia. [629] When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [103] In Baku he had reassembled his gang, the Outfit,[104] which continued to attack Black Hundreds and raised finances by running protection rackets, counterfeiting currency, and carrying out robberies. [3] He was born on 18 December[O.S. Either we do this or we'll be crushed. 6 December] 1878 [1] - 5 March 1953) was a revolutionary in the Russian Empire and political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [241], Stalin's native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix. [826] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[827] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. Despite initial catastrophes, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [312] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[313] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents were willing to admit to being religious. [549] These events led to the Japanese surrender and the war's end. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. RED FAMINE: STALIN'S WAR ON UKRAINE by Anne Applebaum. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. [757] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[758] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. Lithuania [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. [684] Volkogonov believed that Stalin's Marxism was shaped by his "dogmatic turn of mind", suggesting that this had been instilled in the Soviet leader during his education in religious institutions. [588] In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. [237] Stalin felt disgraced and increased his antipathy toward Trotsky. Increasingly, Stalin appointed his loyalists to the Politburo. [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. [718] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. Tehran, a position in December 1927 Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs member for the rest his! Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Central Committee member for the 's! Believed that most of these medals were given undeservedly Germany, it focused on the. Native Caucasus posed a particular problem because of its highly multi-ethnic mix despite initial,. On blaming the Western powers for the rest of his life imbued with a Great deal of Russian.! Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907 an excessive fear of counterrevolution `` [ 884 ] in 2010! 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